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Aspects of the Theory of Syntax, by Noam. Chomsky
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- Sales Rank: #11823388 in Books
- Published on: 1965
- Number of items: 1
- Binding: Paperback
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ONE OF THE MAJOR “THEORETICAL” WORKS BY THE NOTED LINGUIST
By Steven H Propp
Avram Noam Chomsky (b. 1928) is an American linguist, philosopher, cognitive scientist, logician, political commentator, and outspoken social activist. He is Professor Emeritus of Linguistics at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology. He has written many books, such as Language & Thought, Problems of Knowledge and Freedom, Manufacturing Consent: The Political Economy of the Mass Media, Media Control, etc.
He wrote in the Preface to this 1965 book, “The idea that a language is based on a system of rules determining the interpretation of its infinitely many sentences is by no means novel… Nevertheless, within modern linguistics, it is chiefly within the last few years that fairly substantial attempts have been made to construct explicit generative grammars for particular languages and to explore their consequences… In particular, the central role of grammatical transformations in any empirically questions as to the proper form of the theory of transformational grammar. This monograph is an exploratory study of various problems that have arisen in the course of work on transformational grammar, which is presupposed throughout as a general framework for the discussion. What is at issue here is precisely how the theory should be formulated. This study deals, then, with questions that are at the border of research in transformational grammar.”
In the first chapter, he says, “in the technical sense, linguistic theory is mentalistic, since it is concerned with discovering a mental reality underlying actual behavior. Observed use of language or hypothesized dispositions to respond, habits, and so on, may provide evidence as to the nature of this mental reality, but sure cannot constitute the actual subject matter of linguistics, if this is to be a serious discipline.” (Pg. 4)
He states, “The existence of deep-seated formal universals, in the sense suggested by such examples as these, implies that all languages are cut to the same pattern, but does not imply that there is any point by point correspondence between particular languages. It does not, for example, imply that there must be some reasonable procedure for translating between languages.” (Pg. 30)
He points out, “The child who acquires a language in this way of course knows a great deal more than he has ‘learned.’ His knowledge of the language, as this is determined by his internalized grammar, goes far beyond the presented primary linguistic data and is in no sense an ‘inductive generalization’ from these data.” (Pg. 32-33)
He acknowledges, “it is clear that no present-day theory of language can hope to attain explanatory adequacy beyond very restricted domains. In other words, we are very far from being able to present a system of formal and substantive linguistic universals that will be sufficiently rich and detailed to account for the facts of language learning.” (Pg. 46)
He summarizes, “it seems clear that the present situation with regard to the study of language is essentially as follows. We have a certain amount of evidence about the character of the generative grammars that must be the ‘output’ of an acquisition model for language. This evidence clearly shows that taxonomic views of linguistic structure are inadequate and that knowledge of grammatical structure cannot arise by application of step-by-step inductive operations… of any sort that have yet been developed within linguistics, psychology, or philosophy… It seems plain that language acquisition is based on the child’s discovery of what from a formal point of view is a deep and abstract theory---a generative grammar of his language---many of the concepts and principles of which are only remotely related to experience by long and intricate chains of unconscious quasi-inferential steps…
“It is, for the present, impossible to formulate an assumption about initial, innate structure rich enough to account for the fact that grammatical knowledge is attained on the basis of the evidence available to the learner… In short, the structure of particular languages may very well be largely determined by factors over which the individual has no real conscious control and concerning which society may have little choice or freedom… Thus it may well be that the general features of language structure reflect… the general character of one’s capacity to acquire knowledge---in the traditional sense, one’s innate ideas and innate principles.” (Pg. 57-59)
He states, “It is clear from this fragmentary and inconclusive discussion that the interrelation of semantic and syntactic rules is by no means a settled issue, and that there is quite a range of possibilities that deserve serious exploration… Evidently, further insight into these questions will await a much more intensive study of semantic interpretive rules than it has yet been possible to undertake. The work of the last few years, I believe, has laid the groundwork for empirical investigations of this sort. There is a general theoretical framework parts of which have received empirical support. Within this framework it is possible to formulate certain reasonably clear questions, and it is also fairly clear what kind of empirical evidence would be relevant to deciding them. Alternative positions can be formulated, but for the present any one that is adopted must be extremely tentative.” (Pg. 159)
He concludes, “I shall simply point out that the syntactic and semantic structure of natural languages evidently offers many mysteries, both of fact and of principle, and that any attempt to delimit the boundaries of these domains must certainly be quite tentative.” (Pg. 163) He ends the book with the statement, “the questions we have touched on here have not yet been illuminated in any serious way by approaching them within the framework of any explicit grammatical theory. For the present, one can barely go beyond mere taxonomic arrangement of data. Whether these limitations are intrinsic, or whether a deeper analysis can succeed in unraveling some of these difficulties, remains an open question.” (Pg. 192)
This is a very complex book---and Chomsky has modified some of his ideas since it was written---but one that will be “must reading” for anyone studying linguistic theory.
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